Wednesday 22 July 2020

Racemisation of L-Aspartate is a Function of Ageing

L-Aspartate is the predominant enantiomer of Aspartic acid in the human body. Gradually, over time, L-aspartate undergoes racemisation to D-aspartate at body temperature. (Racemisation is the conversion of the optically active isomer to the optically inactive one). This has all round implications.

Consider this problem. Enlargement of the aorta, emphysema, laxity of skin and bladder dysfunction are all age related problems. The factor common to these areas- the aorta, lungs, skin and bladder- is a high proportion of elastin. Elastin is thousand-fold more stretchable than collagen, so it is quite intuitive that it should be present in organs/blood vessels that need to stretch. However, it is also true that a high level of elastin predisposes these tissues to ageing faster than tissues with low elastin content. It turns out that elastin has a far lower turnover than fibrillar matrix proteins such as collagen. This is nicely illustrated by a rising proportion of D-aspartate in elastin in tissues such the aorta with age. The proportion of D-aspartate in collagen remains constant at around 3% in the young and elderly aorta, but the proportion of D-aspartate in elastin rises from 3% to 13% between the two extremes of age, illustrating that senescent elastin fibres are not replaced, while the turnover of collagen remains relatively invariant. Thus, D-aspartate tends to accumulate in the longest lived elastin fibres. The gradual erosion of elastin content with age translates into a dilating aorta, emphysema, etc.

This principle is utilised in determining the age of a deceased person when only remnants of tissue are available. Since teeth often outlast the rest of the body, the D-aspartate content of dentine is used for this purpose, but equally, another tissue such as epiglottis or skin could be used. One simply need compare the D-aspartate content of the whole tissue with the D-aspartate content of the contained elastin fibres. The older the person, the higher will be the proportion of D-aspartate in elastin.

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